Exploring the Motivations and Personality Traits of Pro-Russian Collaborationists in Ukraine.

This study investigates the personality traits and motivations of collaborationists with Russian invaders in Ukraine. A focus group of individuals who knew collaborationists personally identified 14 collaborationism motives (CMs), which were used to interview 104 probation clients convicted of collaborationism. The study utilized the five-factor model developed by Costa and McCrae to evaluate individual characteristics. Categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA) reduced the 14 CMs to three dimensions: pragmatism, adaptation, and fear. The study found that individual factors promoting collaborationism included pragmatism, ideological adaptation to changing realities, and fear stemming from threats to the life and health of an individual and/or their relatives. The study provides insights into the psychology of collaborationism, which can be useful in designing resocialization programs during the probation period of collaborationists.

Personality traits as predictors of recovery among patients with substance use disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Substance use disorder (SUD) is often considered a chronic illness in which prolonged recovery, in terms of abstinence, is uncommon. Personality has been found to predict recovery, but not much is known about its long-term predictive ability as the majority of previous studies have had short follow-up periods (≥ one year). The current longitudinal cohort study therefore investigated whether personality traits predict short- (STR) as well as long-term recovery (LTR) in SUD patients. METHODS: Treatment-seeking patients with SUD (n = 123) completed the NEO Personality Inventory - Revised. STR and LTR categories were defined as scoring <8 on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - C and <2 on the Drug Use Disorder Identification Test - C at the one-year and 6-8-year follow-up, respectively. Whether personality traits predicted outcome was investigated by two-tailed independent samples t-tests, α < 0.05. Additional analysis was conducted with latent growth curve model. RESULTS: Neuroticism (inversely, p = .004, d = 0.55) and Extraversion (p = .04, d = 0.38) predicted STR (n = 114). Although not significant the effect size for Conscientiousness was above the cut-off for a practical significant effect (d = 0.31). No traits predicted LTR category. Still, the effect sizes for LTR regarding Neuroticism (d = 0.36), Extraversion (d = 0.21) and Conscientiousness (d = 0.27) indicated that these traits have relevance for LTR. The latent growth curve model indicated that these traits predicted the short-term use of drugs and long-term use of alcohol in this cohort dominated by patients suffering from severe poly-SUD. CONCLUSION: Personality traits predict recovery. The effect sizes indicate that more studies with larger samples on personality traits and LTR are required to understand their possible influences on the recovery process.

Response to psychotic experiences: Impact of personality traits on perceived levels of distress.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the influence of personality traits on (subclinical) positive symptom distress in patients with a psychotic disorder, their unaffected siblings and healthy controls. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis study (GROUP), a Dutch longitudinal multicenter cohort study. Data from 140 patients, 216 unaffected siblings and 102 healthy controls was available for baseline levels of Five Factor Model personality traits and frequency and distress due to psychotic experiences three years later, assessed with the Community Assessment of Psychic Experience questionnaire. Main effects of all five personality traits on symptom distress were investigated as well as moderating effects of Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness on positive symptom frequency and positive symptom distress. Age, gender, symptom frequency and IQ were controlled for. RESULTS: In both patients and siblings, the observed main effects of Neuroticism and Openness on (subclinical) positive symptom distress three years later either lost significance or had a very small effect size when controlling for covariates, mainly due to the correction for the effect of positive symptoms on personality traits at baseline. In both groups, levels of Openness at baseline moderated the association between positive symptom frequency and positive symptom distress three years later, in the direction that higher levels of Openness were associated with weaker associations between positive symptom frequency and - distress, even when covariates were controlled for. DISCUSSION: The level of Openness to Experiences influences the perceived distress from (subclinical) positive symptoms in both patients and siblings.

Datos normativos, fiabilidad y validez de las escalas de trastornos de la personalidad del NEO PI-R / Normative data, reliability and validity of the NEO PI-R personality disorders scales

Hay un creciente interés por entender los trastornos de la personalidad (TTPP) desde el modelo de los cinco factores. Miller et al. (2005) y Costa y McCrae (2005) propusieron dos conjuntos de escalas basadas en las facetas del “Inventario de personalidad NEO-revisado” (NEO PI-R) para evaluar los TTPP del DSM-5. Existen baremos españoles para las escalas de Miller et al. (2005) a partir de muestras de selección de personal, pero no son apropiados en contextos con deseabilidad social baja. Se presentan datos normativos, de fiabilidad y validez convergente/ discriminante para ambos conjuntos de escalas con voluntarios de la población general española (N= 682). Los índices de consistencia interna y validez convergente/ discriminante fueron excelentes o buenos para todas las escalas, especialmente para las de Miller et al. (2005). Las diferencias entre la muestra de voluntarios y de selección de personal (d= 0,61) y entre varones y mujeres (d= 0,34-0,38) justifican el desarrollo de baremos para los dos conjuntos de escalas de TTPP para situaciones de deseabilidad social baja y separados por sexo. Se discute su utilidad en diferentes contextos.(AU)

There is increasing interest in understanding personality disorders (PDs) fromthe five-factor model. Miller et al. (2005) and Costa and McCrae (2005) proposedtwo sets of scales based on the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R) facetsto assess DSM-5 PDs. There are Spanish norms for the scales of Miller et al. (2005)based on personnel selection samples, but they are not appropriate for contextswith low social desirability. Normative, reliability, and convergent/discriminantvalidity data are presented for both sets of scales with volunteers from the generalSpanish population (N= 682). The internal consistency and convergent/discriminantvalidity indices were excellent or good for all scales, especially for those of Miller etal. (2005). The differences between the sample of volunteers and that of personnelselection (d= 0.61) and between males and females (d= 0.34-0.38) justify the development of norms for the two sets of PD scales for situations of low socialdesirability and separate for males and females. Their usefulness in differentcontexts is discussed.(AU)

Comparing the latent state-trait structure of the PANSS in cariprazine-medicated and placebo-controlled patients with acute schizophrenia.

After over a hundred years of research, the question whether the symptoms of schizophrenia are rather trait-like (being a relatively stable quality of individuals) or state-like (being substance to change) is still unanswered. To assess the trait and the state component in patients with acute schizophrenia, one group receiving antipsychotic treatment, the other not. Data from four phase II/III, 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of similar design that included patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia were pooled. In every trial, one treatment group received a third-generation antipsychotic, cariprazine, and the other group placebo. To assess symptoms of schizophrenia, the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) was applied. Further analyses were conducted using the five subscales as proposed by Wallwork and colleagues. A latent state-trait (LST) model was developed to estimate the trait and state components of the total variance of the observed scores. All symptom dimensions behaved more in a trait-like manner. The proportions of all sources of variability changed over the course of the observational period, with a bent around weeks 3 and 4. Visually inspected, no major differences were found between the two treatment groups regarding the LST structure of symptom dimensions. This high proportion of inter-individual stability may represent an inherent part of symptomatology that behaves independently from treatment status.

Exploring the relationship between personality traits and locus of control in early adolescence. Does gender play a role?

The main aim of this study was to analyse associations between the five-factor model personality traits and locus of control of successes and failures based on the theory of social learning and to assess whether gender moderated relationships between these variables in Polish early adolescents. The following instruments were used: the Picture Based Personality Survey for Children and the Locus of Control Questionnaire. A total of 1016 students participated in the study, including 49% boys and 51% girls. Both for girls and boys, the highest correlations were found between conscientiousness and locus of control in success situations. Neuroticism correlated negatively with the two types of locus of control. A moderating effect of gender was observed between openness to experience and locus of control of successes, and it was stronger in girls than in boys.

Personality and cognitive errors in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study.

This study examines the association between personality and cognitive errors in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study, a sample diverse across race (Black, White) and SES (above, below 125% of the federal poverty line). Participants (N=1,062) completed a comprehensive personality questionnaire and were administered a brief mental status screener of cognitive errors. Higher neuroticism was associated with more cognitive errors, whereas higher openness and conscientiousness were associated with fewer errors. These associations were independent of age, sex, race, poverty status, and education and were generally not moderated by these factors. These findings support the associations between personality and cognition across race and SES.

Mental health treatment stigma, maladaptive personality trait domains, and treatment-seeking attitudes and behaviors.

OBJECTIVES: A barrier to seeking mental health care is treatment stigma, a form of stigma associated with seeking/receiving mental health treatment. Prior research has also demonstrated relationships between five-factor model personality traits and treatment-seeking attitudes. However, findings in this area are mixed and research has tended not to include assessments of maladaptive personality traits outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition Section III: Emerging Measures and Models. The present study sought to examine relationships between maladaptive personality traits, treatment stigma, and treatment-seeking attitudes and behavior in an adult sample. METHODS: Participants (N = 500) completed a series of questionnaires assessing current and past mental health treatment-seeking behaviors, treatment stigma, attitudes toward treatment seeking, and maldaptive personality traits. RESULTS: Results revealed all five maladaptive personality traits were positively associated with increased treatment stigma, and in models controlling for the shared variance across maladaptive personality traits, negative affect, antagonism, psychoticism, and stigma exhibited unique associations with one's perceived value and need of mental health treatment, whereas negative affect, detachment, and stigma were uniquely associated with openness to seeking mental health treatment for emotional problems. While the five maladaptive personality traits were associated with a history of treatment-seeking behaviors at the bivariate level and after controlling for stigma, only negative affect was uniquely associated with treatment-seeking behaviors in a model including all five personality trait domains. Exploratory moderation analyses revealed associations between stigma and openness to seeking treatment varied as a function of maladaptive personality traits. CONCLUSIONS: This study extends prior research on the role of personality traits in understanding treatment-seeking attitudes and behaviors and may have clinical implications for the use of maladaptive personality trait screeners in practice.

Personality change in a trial of psilocybin therapy v. escitalopram treatment for depression.

BACKGROUND: Psilocybin Therapy (PT) is being increasingly studied as a psychiatric intervention. Personality relates to mental health and can be used to probe the nature of PT's therapeutic action. METHODS: In a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, active comparator controlled trial involving patients with moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder, we compared psilocybin with escitalopram, over a core 6-week trial period. Five-Factor model personality domains, Big Five Aspect Scale Openness aspects, Absorption, and Impulsivity were measured at Baseline, Week 6, and Month 6 follow-up. RESULTS: PT was associated with decreases in neuroticism (B = -0.63), introversion (B = -0.38), disagreeableness (B = -0.47), impulsivity (B = -0.40), and increases in absorption (B = 0.32), conscientiousness (B = 0.30), and openness (B = 0.23) at week 6, with neuroticism (B = -0.47) and disagreeableness (B = -0.41) remaining decreased at month 6. Escitalopram Treatment (ET) was associated with decreases in neuroticism (B = -0.38), disagreeableness (B = -0.26), impulsivity (B = -0.35), and increases in openness (B = 0.28) at week 6, with neuroticism (B = -0.46) remaining decreased at month 6. No significant between-condition differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Personality changes across both conditions were in a direction consistent with improved mental health. With the possible exception of trait absorption, there were no compelling between-condition differences warranting conclusions regarding a selective action of PT (v. ET) on personality; however, post-ET changes in personality were significantly moderated by pre-trial positive expectancy for escitalopram, whereas expectancy did not moderate response to PT.

Resilience Phenotypes and Psychological Functioning among Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a heterogeneous disorder. However, there is a lack of deep phenotyping investigations focusing on important psychological constructs such as resilience that may impact OUD. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between trait resilience and the five-factor model of personality (FFM) among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). We also explored whether the FFM and trait resilience form specific phenotypes associated with psychological functioning. METHODS: This secondary analysis of an epigenetic study included participants of African ancestry (n = 72), an understudied population, who met DSM-5 criteria for OUD. Participants completed measures to assess personality traits, trait resilience, current and previous drug use, and psychological functioning (depression, anxiety, and stress). RESULTS: Linear regression revealed a significant relationship between resilience (CD-RISC-25 score) and the FFM, R2 = 0.56, F(5,62) = 15.7, p<.001. Further, a two-cluster classification emerged as the optimal solution from the cluster analysis. Cluster 1 (n = 33, 45.8% of the sample) showed lower resilience (CD-RISC-25 score: M = 58.6, SD = 11.2) compared to Cluster 2 (n = 35, 48.6%; CD-RISC-25 score: M = 76.1, SD = 11.9). The "High-Resilience Cluster" (Cluster 2) was characterized by higher FFM traits of: Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, and lower Neuroticism versus Cluster 1. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences between the two resilience clusters concerning other psychological symptoms, Λ = 0.732, F(4, 50) = 7.05, p < 0.003. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest associations between the FFM and trait resilience among individuals with OUD. Two distinct "resilience phenotypes" emerged, with high-resilience individuals displaying less stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Results highlight the clinical importance of resilience as a potential target for intervention in people with OUD.

External validation of the five domains of negative symptoms: Focus on cognition, functional capacity, and real-world functioning.

BACKGROUND: The conceptualization of negative symptoms (NS) in schizophrenia is still controversial. Recent confirmatory factor-analytic studies suggested that the bi-dimensional model (motivational deficit [MAP] and expressive deficit [EXP]) may not capture the complexity of NS structure, which could be better defined by a five-factor (five NS domains) or a hierarchical model (five NS domains as first-order factors, and MAP and EXP, as second-order factors). A validation of these models is needed to define the structure of NS. To evaluate the validity and temporal stability of the five-factor or the hierarchical structure of the brief negative symptom scale (BNSS) in individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ), exploring associations between these models with cognition, social cognition, functional capacity, and functioning at baseline and at 4 years follow-up. METHODS: Clinical variables were assessed using state-of-the-art tools in 612 SCZ at two-time points. The validity of the five-factor and the hierarchical models was analyzed through structural equation models. RESULTS: The two models had both a good fit and showed a similar pattern of associations with external validators at the two-time points, with minor variations. The five-factor solution had a slightly better fit. The associations with external validators favored the five-factor structure. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that both five-factor and hierarchical models provide a valid conceptualization of NS in relation to external variables and that five-factor solution provides the best balance between parsimony and granularity to summarize the BNSS structure. This finding has important implications for the study of pathophysiological mechanisms and the development of new treatments.

The Development of the Five-Factor Schizoid Inventory.

The current study sought to provide evidence for a measure of schizoid personality disorder (SZD PD) traits using the Five-Factor Model framework of personality. In the first study, undergraduate participants (n = 496) completed the Five-Factor Schizoid Inventory (FFZI) and other self-report measures. The first half of the sample was used to develop the FFZI, while the second half was used to validate it. The FFZI demonstrated excellent internal consistency, convergent validity with measures of SZD PD and hypothesized IPIP-NEO facets, and discriminant validity with other PDs and non-hypothesized IPIP-NEO facets. The second study recruited MTurk participants (n = 181) and demonstrated preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the FFZI in an online, community sample. Ultimately, these data suggest that the FFZI is a useful measure of SZD PD and provide further evidence that SZD PD can be conceptualized as a maladaptive extension of introversion traits.

Five-factor model, technology enthusiasm and technology anxiety.

Older adults need to participate in the digital society, as societal and personal changes and what they do with the remaining time that they have in their older years has an undeniable effect on motivation, cognition and emotion. Changes in personality traits were investigated in older adults over the period 2019-2021. Technology enthusiasm and technology anxiety are attitudes that affect the relationship to the technology used. The changes in the score of technology enthusiasm and technology anxiety were the dependent variables. They were investigated with personality traits, age, gender, education, whether someone lives alone, cognitive function, digital social participation (DSP) and health literacy as predictors of the outcome. The Edwards-Nunnally index and logistic regression were used. The results indicated that DSP, lower age, lower neuroticism and higher education were indicative of less technology anxiety. High DSP and high extraversion are indicative of technology enthusiasm. DSP and attitude towards technology seem to be key in getting older adults to stay active online.

Is it time to replace the Big Five personality model? Factorial structure of the NEO PI-R in a community sample of Spanish adults.

Recent studies have revived the issue of whether the five-factor personality model or Big Five is the most valid to summarize the most relevant personality traits or whether, on the contrary, the basic structure of personality traits would better fit a six-factor model such as the HEXACO model: Honesty-Humility (H), Emotionality (E), Extraversion (X), Agreeableness (A), Conscientiousness (C), and Openness to Experience (O). In a Spanish community sample of 682 adults, the factorial structure of the 30 facets of the NEO-Revised Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and its 16 facets common to the HEXACO model was analyzed. In two subsamples of participants, the internal structure of the NEO PI-R, of 30 and 16 facets, fit the five-factor Big Five model better than the six-factor HEXACO model. In addition, the internal 30-facet structure of the NEO-PI-R replicated that obtained in the original US validation and those previously obtained in Spain, although the latter used different participant samples (people evaluated in personnel selection processes, university students). These results suggest that, at least in Spain, the five-factor personality model or Big Five is still the most valid taxonomy of personality traits.

Personality Traits and Physical Activity: Insights from German University Students.

This study explores the intriguing relationship between personality traits, self-rated fitness (SRF), and physical activity (PA) variables among German university students (N = 4244) and sheds light on the impact of personality on adherence to PA guidelines. Employing an online cross-sectional study, the short-form of the Big Five Inventory-2 assessed five domains of personality traits (Extraversion, Negative Emotionality, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Open-Mindedness). PA, including sitting time, was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short-form). SRF and muscle-strengthening activities (MSA) were assessed with one item each. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses examined associations of individual personality trait domains and all domains combined with SFR, PA variables, and adherence to PA guidelines, controlling for sociodemographic, behavioral, and (mental) health covariates. Most reliably, Extraversion and Conscientiousness revealed positive associations with PA variables, while Negative Emotionality yielded inverse relationships with PA variables. For instance, each unit increase in Extraversion corresponded to an additional 17 min of weekly MSA. On the contrary, daily sitting time was unrelated to personality. Of note, high Open-Mindedness was associated with lower odds for adhering to current PA guidelines. The findings have implications for developing targeted interventions that promote a physically active lifestyle and support students' well-being and academic success.

Analysis of the Relationship between Higher-Order Factor Structure of Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality.

The growing body of evidence on the dimensional classification of personality disorders (PD) has resulted in its acceptance in the ICD-11 classification, which abolished categories and retains only a general description of PD. Specifying the type of PD is optional, and the suggested domains represent maladaptive variants of the five-factor model of personality (FFM). The aim of our study was to explore the existence of a joint structure between maladaptive and normal personality traits, and to investigate how these structures are integrated. The study included 223 patients who had been diagnosed with PD and completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders and the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R). To determine the degree of overlap between PD domains and NEO PI-R scales, a canonical analysis of covariance was conducted. Our findings showed a relationship between the internalizing PD spectrum (consisting of avoidant, dependent, and borderline traits with detached and anankastic traits) and high neuroticism, low conscientiousness, and moderately low agreeableness and extroversion, suggesting the existence of a broad personality disorder factor. However, the internalizing dimensions exhibited a more pronounced effect within this construct. Furthermore, we identified a second function that demonstrated a link between the externalizing PD spectrum (including narcissistic, histrionic, and antisocial traits) and high extraversion, high openness, and low agreeableness, suggesting the existence of an externalizing factor. Overall, our findings provide evidence for a joint structure of maladaptive and normal personality traits in a sample of personality disorders and emphasize the importance of integrating the FFM model in PD evaluation in clinical practice, suggesting that differentiating between major subgroups could assist in adjusting therapeutic approaches.

Analysis of an event study using the Fama-French five-factor model: teaching approaches including spreadsheets and the R programming language.

The current financial education framework has an increasing need to introduce tools that facilitate the application of theoretical models to real-world data and contexts. However, only a limited number of free tools are available for this purpose. Given this lack of tools, the present study provides two approaches to facilitate the implementation of an event study. The first approach consists of a set of MS Excel files based on the Fama-French five-factor model, which allows the application of the event study methodology in a semi-automatic manner. The second approach is an open-source R-programmed tool through which results can be obtained in the context of an event study without the need for programming knowledge. This tool widens the calculus possibilities provided by the first approach and offers the option to apply not only the Fama-French five-factor model but also other models that are common in the financial literature. It is a user-friendly tool that enables reproducibility of the analysis and ensures that the calculations are free of manipulation errors. Both approaches are freely available and ready-to-use.

Personality traits in psychotic illness and their clinical correlates: A systematic review.

This systematic review focuses on personality traits according to both the Five Factor Model and Cloninger Psychobiological Model in relation to treatment related outcome variables across all stages of clinical psychotic illness. Search of Pubmed and Psychinfo databases led to final inclusion of 65 studies, which were ranked on quality and analyzed according to the associations between personality and outcome. Main findings are that higher levels of Harm Avoidance and Neuroticism are associated with higher symptom levels, tendency towards passive coping, greater self-stigma, lower quality of life, and Harm Avoidance to higher suicidality. Higher levels of Extraversion and higher levels of Self-Directedness are associated with more preference for active coping, more intrinsic motivation and higher self-esteem. Higher Novelty Seeking is related to more substance use and aggression, in men specifically. On outcome of trauma, care consumption and duration of untreated illness no consistent associations with personality traits were found. Combined evidence from both personality models however reveals a consistent pattern of personality traits related to clinical outcome in psychotic disorder, which is discussed in a dimensional manner.

Associations between theory of mind and clinical symptoms in recent onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Introduction: People with schizophrenia often present with Theory of mind (ToM) deficits, and the link between these deficits and clinical symptoms remains to be refined, for instance through the use of more recent assessment methods. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between a psychometrically sound ToM task and the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia as measured with the five dimensions of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) namely positive, negative, cognitive/disorganization, depression/anxiety and excitability/hostility, while controlling for non-social cognitive abilities. Methods: Seventy participants with recent-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) were assessed for ToM using the Combined stories task (COST) and for clinical symptoms using the PANSS. Results: The results revealed significant correlations between ToM and the positive (r = -0.292, p = 0.015) and cognitive/disorganization (r = -0.480, p < 0.001) dimensions when controlling for non-social cognitive abilities. In contrast, the negative symptoms dimension was only significantly correlated with ToM when non-social cognitive abilities were not controlled for (r = -0.278, p = 0.020). Discussion: Very few prior studies used the five-dimensions of the PANSS to examine the link with ToM and this study is the first to rely on the COST, which includes a non-social control condition. This study highlights the importance of taking non-social cognitive abilities into account when considering the relationship between ToM and symptoms.

Do people diagnosed with psychosis spectrum disorders share the same personality space as the general population? Big Five complemented by the proneness to psychotic-like experiences/behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: Disintegration is a recently proposed broad, trait-like reconceptualization of the proneness to psychotic-like experiences/behaviors. METHODS: We tested the assumption that the 6-factor model (Five-Factor traits plus Disintegration) was the most adequate one and that it was invariant across clinical and non-clinical populations. The clinical sample (n = 161) consisted of patients who had at least one psychotic episode, duration of illness less than 10 years, currently in remission. The general population (n = 409) was matched with the patient sample by age, gender, and education. NEO PI-R and DELTA were used to measure personality dimensions in both samples. Invariance of one to six-factor solutions was tested by Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. RESULTS: We found that: (a) several criteria for deciding on the number of factors to retain converged to the conclusion that the assumed 6-factor model was the most adequate one, (b) the assumed factorial structure appeared to satisfy the criteria for the scalar invariance across the two samples, (c) all nine Disintegration subdimensions separated from the Big Five, forming the Disintegration factor, and (d) Disintegration was unrelated to Openness. CONCLUSION: The Big Five personality structure-complemented with disintegration-was invariant across individuals from the general population and patients with psychosis.